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#tbt: Brenda Hillman, “world/axis”

Today’s Throw Back Thursday poem is, “world/axis” from Brenda Hillman’s 1997 collection Loose SugarBrenda Hillman is an activist, writer, and teacher. She has published nine collections of poetry, all from Wesleyan University Press, including Pieces of Air in the Epic, winner of a William Carlos Williams Award; Practical Water, for which she won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for Poetry; and the International Griffin Poetry Prize-winning Seasonal Works with Letters on Fire

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world/axis

That she would come to meet you
as if to solve the enigma of your being…

The feminine might bend the light–

             (It could involve seeming
              recognized or sought–)

The visitor comes,
not an invention but
an axis of something already invented–

(even memory is sometimes an invention
as are dreams)

–her left arm curved like a galaxy.

Others sang disarmingly among the stars.

 

 

You can learn more about Brenda Hillman at this Reader’s Companion or at her author website

Wesleyan Film @ SCMS Montreal

The Society for Cinema & Media Studies‘ annual conference is currently underway in Montreal. Founded in 1959, SCMS is a professional organization of college and university educators, filmmakers, historians, critics, scholars, and others devoted to the study of the moving image. Wesleyan’s film series acquisitions editor, Parker Smathers, will be in attendance this weekend, catching up on the latest news in the field.

The Wesleyan Film series takes a back-to-basics approach to the art of cinema. Books in the series deal with the formal, the historical, and the cultural—putting a premium on visual analysis, close readings, and an understanding of the history of Hollywood and international cinema, both artistically and industrially. Volumes in the series are rigorous, critical, and accessible both to academics and to lay readers with a serious interest in film.

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Our new and forthcoming film-related books include:

The Director Within: Storytellers of Stage and Screen

The Cinema of Errol Morris

The Lives of Robert Ryan

View a full list of books in the Wesleyan Film Series here.

On May 31st the Music Box Theatre in Chicago will host a special screening of The Set-Up to celebrate the release of The Lives of Robert Ryan. A Q&A with author J.R. Jones and the late actor’s daughter, Lisa Ryan, will follow the screening. Attendees will be able to purchase a book/ticket combo at a discounted price, thanks to the support of The Book Cellar. Stay tuned for details! For now, you can check out this piece on Robert Ryan, from The Chicago Reader, by J.R. Jones.

#tbt: David Ignatow, “Wherever”

Today’s Throwback Thursday poem is “Wherever,” from David Ignatow’s 1996 collection I Have a NameThe book was the winner of the 1997 William Carlos Williams Award from the Poetry Society of America.

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Ignatow TBT

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Wherever

 

Wherever I go,
into food stores,
into the john to piss,
I am haunted by the poem
yet to be written,
that I may live as a poem
when I die as a man.

What does he want of himself?
How to write without reservation,
yet without repugnance,
so that to value writing—
teeth, tongue, and terror—
he will accept the terror.

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DAVID IGNATOW (1914-1997) was the author of many books of poetry, including Rescue the Dead (1968), Against the Evidence: Selected Poems, 1934-1994, and Shadowing the Ground (1991). He served as editor of American Poetry Review, Analytic, and Chelsea Magazine, as well as poetry editor of The Nation. His honors include the John Steinbeck Award, the Shelley Memorial Award, a Bollingen Prize, and the Frost Medal. He was the president of the Poetry Society of America from 1980 to 1984.

#tbt: Kathleen Fraser, “Les Jours Gigantesques”

This week’s Throwback Thursday post features Kathleen Fraser’s poem “Les Jours Gigantesques” from il cuore: the heart, Selected Poems 1970–1995A Tribute to Kathleen Fraser is planned for Sunday, March 22nd (5PM), at California College of the Arts. The event is co-sponsored by the San Francisco State University Poetry Center and Small Press Traffic. Read more about the event here.

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LES JOURS GIGANTESQUES

Have you noticed the shadow hovering?
     How when you are in the middle of brushing your teeth
     there is something gathering around the corner?
She is dreaming this thought to a self
awake in the world
when she feels a tug, something like a hand pressing
down upon her thigh
     and she remembers she is naked and alone in the room
     and wishes for her silk blouse
     and the zipper with its three silver hooks at the top.
In her body’s emptiness
a growing sense of intimacy,
the pressure of a shadow in its black suit,
its right hand moving
around her waist, as if looking
for a pocket,
     or the push of a head against
     her shoulder, as though
     this movie from some little light booth
     on the opposite wall was focusing,
     on her, and the image was him,
     his half head
moving towards her nipple,
with the thirst in him, dark
against her white body. She looks down,
     she looks down at, oh, the hand, or is it
     the shadow of a hand
     pressing in on the thigh that is hers.
Her muscles bulge with effort
and become tremendous
in their flex. The color drains
from every part of her, but
     the red mouth,
     holding its shape steadily,
     the scream, at first uncertain,
     enters the air
     and becomes the third,
     the knowing, between them.

Wesleyan UP @ AWP2015—Minneapolis

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Wesleyan University Press @ AWP2015—Minneapolis

Friday, 4/10: 1:30–2:45pm
A Tribute to Gerald Vizenor
w/ Heid Erdrich, Kim Blaeser, Gordon Henry Jr., Margaret Noodin, & Gerald Vizenor
Room 208 C&D, Level 2
Anishinaabe writers will read selections from Gerald Vizenor’s vast body of work and reflect on how this elder statesman of Anishinaabe literature influenced and supported their own work. Vizenor’s political writing, nationalist poetry, and history-steeped novels will be represented in this tribute, fittingly held in his homeland of Minnesota. Panelists will reflect on Vizenor’s role as a mentor and teacher who enabled generations of Native writers to find their voice.
Read more here.

Saturday, 4/11: 10:30–11:45am
Wesleyan University Press Poetry Reading
w/ Rae Armantrout, Sarah Blake, Heather Christle, Honorée Jeffers, and Fred Moten
Room 101 H&I, Level 1
A dynamic reading reflecting the breadth of Wesleyan University Press’s esteemed poetry series. These five poets represent diversity of age, race, aesthetics, and poetic voice, and are among the strongest voices in poetry today. Each engages his or her subject matter in distinct, unexpected ways through the use of language and imagery. Their work contemplates popular culture, history, ethics, race, and politics, as well as their personal experiences.
Read more here.

Book Signings @ WUP booth 907

Heather Christle — Thursday, 4/9: 1–2pm

Honorée Fanonne Jeffers — Friday, 4/10: 11am–12pm

Gerald Vizenor — Friday, 4/10: 3:30–4:30pm

Rae Armantrout & Sarah Blake — Saturday, 4/11: 12:30–1:30pm

Fred Moten — Saturday, 4/11: 2–3pm

Offsite Events

[Not organized by Wesleyan. Wesleyan authors, past and present, are included.]

 

Wednesday, 4/8: 7pm
BOMB & Two Dollar Radio Present:
Rae Armantrout, Sarah Gerard, Ian Dreiblatt, & Nicholas Rombes
Magers & Quinn Booksellers, 3038 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55408
More info here.

Wednesday, April 8th, 7:30-8:30pm
Women’s Caucus Reading
Readings by Joy Harjo and Natalie Diaz. Introduction by Heid Erdrich.
Augsburg College, Satern Auditorium, 22nd Ave. South & South 7 1/2 Street, Minneapolis
More info here.

Thursday, 4/9: 6pm
Presenting: Tender Buttons, Black Radish Books, Ugly Duckling Presse, and Station Hill
Lee Ann Brown is reading from Bernadette Mayer’s Sonnets (Tender Buttons)
514 Studio, 514 North 3rd Street Suite 101, Minneapolis
More info here.

Thursday, 4/9: 8pm
Rain Taxi Benefit at Walker Art Center, Greatest Hits Reading
Peter Gizzi, Pierre Joris, Forrest Gander and many others.
Walker Art Center, 1750 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis
More info here.

Thursday, 4/9: 7:30pm–1am
VIDA Awards, Motionpoems Film Screening, & Dance Party
Sarah Blake’s poem “A Day at the Mall Reminds Me of America” was used in Ayse Altinok’s short film, included in the Motionpoems screening.
Skyway Theater, 711 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis
More info here.

Thursday, April 9: 7:30–9:30pm
Hick Poetics Anthology Release
Forest Gander is among the participants
Patrick’s Cabaret, 3010 Minnehaha Avenue, Minneapolis
More info here.

Saturday, 4/11: 6pm
The Volta Book of Poets
Fred Moten and Evie Shockley are among the sixteen readers.
Harriet Brewing, 3036 Minnehaha Avenue, Minneapolis
More info here.

#tbt: Pierre Joris, “2 Poems for Pens”

This week’s Throwback Thursday post features work from Pierre Joris’s 2001 collection, Poasis: Selected Poems 1986-1999Joris is teaming up with multimedia artist Nicole Peyrafitte for two events sponsored by San Francisco State University’s Poetry Center. The first, on March 18th (7PM), will be at City Lights Books and is co-sponsored by City Lights. The second event is on March 19th (4:30PM), at the SFSU Poetry Center, HUM 512. Read more about the events here.

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2 Poems for Pens

 

1.

 

black & blue

the inks mix

sky at five o’color

a fountain

pen like a big

beaked bird,

childhood

games & smells

 

2.

 

I see the pen

poised, the shadow it throws,

the indents in the wooden

underbelly below the nib,

like sharkgills,

the meat eating

metaphor

i.e. writing instrument.

#tbt: Joanne Kyger in “Poet Be Like God”, and reading for SFSU!

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The painter Harry Jacobus lounges behind Joanne Kyger in this Stinson Beach scene from June 1959.
Photo by Tom Field, from Poet Be Like God

Today’s Throwback Thursday post features three brief excerpts from Poet Be Like God: Jack Spicer and the San Francisco Renaissance, by Lewis Ellingham and Kevin Killian. On the occasion of Joanne Kyger’s reading for San Francisco State University Poetry Center at the First Unitarian Universalist Church (1187 Franklin St., San Francisco) on Friday, March 6th, we’re sharing a few short passages from Poet Be Like God that touch on Spicer’s literary relationships with Kyger and others in the Bay Area. These passages shed some light on the 1950s Bay Area literacy scene, the rise of the Beatnik in American poetry, and what it was like for women authors navigating the literary landscape of the time.

from page 100:

On Blabbermouth Night, no reading from text was permitted; it was all extemporaneous public speaking. Up on the balcony, set into the wall, stood a box “like a soap-box,” where the contestants stood. If you were terrible, one of the bartenders would play a trumpet, or the crowd would hoot you off by yelling, “Take off your clothes,” as they do in the French Quarter during Mardi Gras.

Just too late to attend the “Magic Workshop,” Joanne Kyger and her childhood friend Emily (“Nemi”) Frost came from Santa Barbara to San Francisco. The two women fell in love with the city’s bohemian splendors. “We couldn’t stand to be away from North Beach,” Nemi remembered, “or each other. We couldn’t go through the tunnel[s—Broadway and Stockton, which divided North Beach from the rest of San Francisco]…. And we just raced to get back. It was home. It was where everything was happening.”

North Beach was a small world—three or four blocks, like a toy city dropped at the edge of a larger metropolis. Nemi, Joanne, and their friends Paul Alexander and Tom Field rarely went even to Washington Square Park, which was just a block away—only after the bars had closed at 2:00 A.M., when Joanne would cartwheel around the Park.

Kyger worked and held court at Brentano’s Bookstore, meeting poets of all schools, including Spicer, who took her under his wing—the wing of Hecate. One night he added her to a group performance of “Zen singers,” inviting Tom Parkinson over from Berkeley to witness their performance at The Place on Blabbermouth Night. In her journal she wrote: “We have rehearsed, whenever we felt like it, such tunes as ‘Give me some Zen who are Stout Hearted Zen’ and ‘When it rains it always rains, Zenies from Heaven.'” When it came time actually to perform, however, the singers demurred “on some grounds or other, probably lack of free beer.”

More and more young people, most without the talent and alacrity of Kyger and Frost, flooded the once-quiet streets of North Beach. The police became concerned and assigned a special task force to deal with this invasion. “Officer Bigarani was arresting people for pissing in the street,” George Stanley recalled, “and a woman named Wendy [Murphy] was arrested for “The Whole Boon of His Fertility” being barefoot. It was a big scandal: the Chronicle was playing it up, you know, ‘degeneracy’ or whatever. And then thousands of tourists.” Who was “beat”? Who wasn’t? The wild, crazy style of the Spicer/Duncan group made many of the Beat poets doubt their seriousness. Joanne Kyger, who met her future husband, Gary Snyder, at The Place, was torn between allegiances to two very different kinds of poetry life. The exclusiveness of Spicer’s group of poets, friends, and lovers did not escape the members’ own notice. “There were definitely circles within circles,” recalled another young poet in the Spicer circle. “There was a sense of ‘We are not Beatnik.’ We [the poets] all felt like that. Sometimes we’d play it up to the tourists: the tourists came in and they thought we were all Beatniks. It was a big game. There were Beatniks out there. The Beatniks were more the followers of Ginsberg—more ‘everything is everything else.’ We called them ‘sloppy thinkers.'”

These young poets tended to despise other artists whose interests and personalities seemed unsympathetic. Nevertheless, the allegiances were ambiguous. George Stanley put the matter succinctly: “If you could consider the group centering around Ferlinghetti, Ginsberg, Corso, and later on, McClure—and still later, the Oregon poets, Whalen, Snyder and Welch—if you consider that one group ‘Beatniks,’ then the group around Spicer and Duncan were anti-Beatniks. But we were all Beatniks; we didn’t think we were Beatniks, but we were.”

from page 111:

In the fall of 1957, Joanne remembered, George Stanley approached her in The Place, and said, “Some people are treating these meetings just like a party.” The tone of his voice left no doubt that “some people” included herself. She hadn’t been reading her own work at the meetings, that was true. Too shy; too hesitant. It was time to shape up. She assembled her work, got on the cable car over the hill, realized she had forgotten her poems, went back home, found the poems, got on the cable car again, and finally read them at the Dunns’. “Robert Duncan loved them, and I remember Jack Spicer looking very serious-faced and saying, ‘Now what do you intend to do?’ His commitment to poetry was absolute, right down to the marrow of your bone. This was no light-hearted affair at all. And then after I wrote ‘The Maze’ poem, which was the first one in The Tapestry and the Web.” Completed late in 1964, The Tapestry and the Web became Kyger’s first book.

If Spicer was serious with Kyger, Duncan was coy. “I remember Robert Duncan saying, ‘There are a few things I could teach you about the line,’ and I said, ‘Well, tell me.’ ‘Oh, I’ll tell you next meeting.’ So, when everything was over, we were standing in the kitchen, and I said, ‘Now tell me.’ ‘Well, ah … ‘and he really didn’t tell me anything at all, as a matter of fact.” Joanne laughed, a deep, rich chortle of warmth. “But there was something he did tell me which then made me more interested in the fact that there was something going on which I wasn’t quite handling, or could handle in some way-some breath-beat implicit in Creeley’s tone, the hanging-article at the end of the breath-line, in the ear, giving this kind of staccato rhythm.”

From page 117

The Sunday meetings attracted a variegated group of men and women, but why were no more women writing than Joanne Kyger? The reason was partly financial, since the women who were likely to contribute were busy supporting their men. Dora Geissler recalled:

I didn’t read anything at Joe Dunn’s. I was Harold [DullJ’s woman. It was sort oflike—There wasn’t room for me to write, too. There were women in the group, but only Joanne did any writing. Nemi [Frost] went to the poetry meetings, too, but she wasn’t a writer. It was the group that went. Joanne and Nemi and I were very good friends. We were so different we weren’t competitive. Nor were we feminists. We all enjoyed the company of gay men, probably for similar reasons. For me, coming to San Francisco and meeting gay men was a wonderful experience, because I had just been through that season in my life where you’re seen as a sex object, and in Seattle, I would try to talk to people and think they were interested in my mind, and they just wanted to get in my pants? That was always so disappointing to me, and then when I met gay men in San Francisco, and realized, “They’re interested in my ideas,” I was just overjoyed! I knew my gay friends enjoyed my company for me alone, not as someone to fuck. That was a very comfortable place for me to be then. Feminism really hadn’t been invented then to any extent, and most women were uninteresting to me. They would talk about the house, and clothes, and I was never interested in makeup, clothes, the things that they talked about that didn’t interest me. The world of ideas and poetry and politics that gay friends would talk to me about, why, that’s where I felt at home.

In addition to Poet Be Like God—a project brought to our attention by Samuel R. Delany—Wesleyan has published two books of Spicer’s work, both poetry and lectures: My Vocabulary Did This to Me: The Collected Poetry of Jack Spicer, edited by Peter Gizzi and Kevin Killian, and The House that Jack Built: The Collected Lectures of Jack Spicer, edited by Peter Gizzi.

New film on dancer Martha Hill

Martha Hill (1900–1995), the first Director of Dance at the Juilliard School, was one of the most influential dance figures of the twentieth century. Her leadership was instrumental in cementing dance’s position as an art form and as an area for serious scholarship. She carved out a place for contemporary dance in America, paving the way for artists like José Limón and Merce Cunningham. Recently, Hill has come back into the public eye with Greg Vander Veer’s movie Miss Hill: Making Dance Matter, which premiered at the 2014 Dance on Camera Festival in New York. In her review of Miss Hill for Film Journal International, Lisa Jo Sagolla writes that “Hill’s crucial role in modern dance history is comprehensively delineated in Janet Mansfield Soares’ exemplary 2009 biography, Martha Hill & the Making of American Dance. Yet director Greg Vander Veer’s smartly constructed documentary bears viewing, even by those who’ve thoroughly digested Soares’ book.”

Author Janet Mansfield Soares was a student, colleague, and teacher of dance composition with Martha Hill at the Juilliard School and is a professor emerita of dance at Barnard College, Columbia University.

Janet Mansfield Soares and her book, Martha Hill & the Making of American Dance

Janet Mansfield Soares and her book, Martha Hill & the Making of American Dance.

Martha Hill, along with contemporaries like Martha Graham, Hanya Holm, and Doris Humphrey, broke away from the old-world paradigms of ballet and European dance to create the distinctly American art form of modern dance. Soares traces the social and political forces that shaped Hill’s life, following her as she challenged the expectations placed on women in terms of their physical capabilities. Hill questioned the tenets of “white-gloved” physical education for women, and battled members of the “old boys’ club” in her mission to gain acceptance and status for dance as an independent performing art. Her work was essential in proving female dancers, teachers, and choreographers to be true artists in their own right. In her introduction to Martha Hill & the Making of American Dance, Soares wrote: “Hill worked to position dance as a valued artistic practice, one that belonged in the sociocultural life of campuses and arts centers in the United States and around the world—and one that would gradually shape a cultural entity of its own… [Hill], with her colleagues, managed to transform a many-faceted group of eccentrics into a community of talents with a single goal: to assure the survival of contemporary dance into a new millennium.”

President Gerald Ford greeting Martha Hill in 1976. Courtesy of the Martha Hill Archives.

President Gerald Ford greeting Martha Hill in 1976. Courtesy of the Martha Hill Archives.

Philip Levine, 1928-2015

A few years ago, at the AWP conference, Mr. Levine stopped by at our booth. He shared a funny story with me. Apparently he sent a follow up manuscript to Wesleyan, after publication of Not This Pig. It was rejected. We had a good laugh over this. Of course, Mr. Levine went on to become a Pulitzer Prize winner, and Poet Laureate. Here is a poem from Not This Pig (Wesleyan, 1968). Rest in peace, Philip Levine. New York Times obituary.

 

levine TBT

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COMMANDING ELEPHANTS

Lonnie said before this, “I’m
the chief of the elephants,
I call the tunes and they dance.”
From his bed he’d hear the drum

of hooves in the bricked alley
and the blast of the Sheenie
calling for rags, wood, paper,
glass—all that was left over—

and from this he’d tell the time.
Beside the bed on a chair
the clean work pants, on the door
the ironed work shirt with his name,

and in the bathroom father
than he could go in the hight-top
lace-up boots, the kind the scouts
wore and he’d worn since

he was twelve. To be asleep
hours after dawn, to have
a daughter in school when he
woke, a wife in the same shop

where he’d seen the foreman
and said Go, where he’d tripped
the columns of switches and
brought the slow elephant feet

of the presses sliding down
in grooves as they must still do
effortlessly for someone.
“Oh my body, what have you

done to me?” he never said.
His hands surprised him; smelling
of soap, they lay at his sides
as though they were listening.

 

PHILIP LEVINE has published many books of poetry – of which Not This Pig was his second – as well as translations of poetry from the Spanish. Among his many awards are the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize, two National Book Critics Circle Awards, the American Book Award, the National Book Award for Poetry, and a Pulitzer Prize. He has served as the Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets and the 18th United States Poet Laureate. 

#tbt: “a big train roaring through a long tunnel”

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In honor of Black History Month, this week’s Throwback Thursday sheds light on some of the African American and Caribbean intellectual and scholarly works published by Wesleyan University Press. Not only has Wesleyan published a number of scholarly works that fall into the category of African American and Caribbean studies, we also recently became the distributor of works by the formative Jamaican-American author and journalist, J.A. Rogers. In keeping with Wesleyan’s tradition, we are very excited about a groundbreaking book coming this May, Why Haiti Needs New Narratives, in which Wesleyan anthropology professor Dr. Gina Athens Ulysse explores many facets of the aftermath of the devastating earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010.

There are many highlights in Wesleyan’s African American and Caribbean Studies list, from film scholar Christopher Sieving’s Soul Searching: Black-Themed Cinema From the March On Washington to the Rise of Blaxploitation, which examines African American commercial cinema prior to the advent of more commonly known “blaxploitation” movies, to seminal older works by renowned historian George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind and The Arrogance of Race.

Today’s excerpt is from Horatio T. Strother’s The Underground Railroad in Connecticut. Though it was published in 1962, the book maintains its relevance in today’s conversations about the development of slavery and abolitionism in America. Strother’s book is based on the masters thesis he wrote as a graduate student at the University of Connecticut. Having held a long fascination with what, as a child, he’d imagined as “a big train roaring through a long tunnel,” he persisted with the project, despite being told that there was not enough information available to form a cohesive thesis. Strother defied this warning and went on to uncover new material on the subject. At a time when the oral tradition was not held in high regard by mainstream scholars, Strother made a bold decision to include oral accounts of first generation descendants of people involved in the shepherding of escaped slaves. Sadly, Strother died in a tragic swimming accident at age 44, cutting short a promising academic career.

In Chapter 3 of the book, Strother describes the lives of three slaves who escaped to Connecticut. The first is William Grimes, whose life in Connecticut and eventual decision to purchase his own freedom is described in the following excerpt.

from The Underground Railroad in Connecticut:

But Grimes found it difficult to make a living in east­ern Connecticut, so he returned to New Haven. There he found work at Yale College, shaving, barbering, “waiting on the scholars in their rooms,” and doing odd jobs for other employers on the side. Six or eight months later he heard that a barber was needed at the Litchfield Law School—Tapping Reeve’s famous establishment—and there he went in the year 1808. He became a general serv­ant to the students and was also active as a barber, earning fifty or sixty dollars per month. “For some time,” he said, “I made money very fast; but at length, trading horses a number of times, the horse jockies would cheat me, and to get restitution, I was compelled to sue them; I would sometimes win the case; but the lawyers alone would reap the benefit of it. At other times, I lost my case, fiddle and all, besides paying my attorney…. Let it not be imag­ined that the poor and friendless are entirely free from oppression where slavery does not exist; this would be fully illustrated if I should give all the particulars of my life, since I have been in Connecticut.”

Back in New Haven in the year 1812 or 1813, Grimes met and soon married Clarissa Caesar, a colored girl whom he called “the lovely and all accomplished.” She was also a “lady of education,” teaching him all the reading and writ­ing he ever knew. Because his situation was not entirely safe—he was still a runaway slave and still, before the law, his master’s property—Grimes and his bride returned to “the back country” of Litchfield, where they bought a house and settled down. And just as he had feared, his owner eventually learned of his whereabouts and sent an emissary, a brisk and rude fellow called Thompson, to re­claim him. This man confronted the fugitive with a plain choice: he could buy his freedom, or Thompson would “put him in irons and send him down to New York, and then on to Savannah.” Grimes described his state of mind and his subsequent actions as follows:

To be put in irons and dragged back to a state of slavery, and either leave my wife and children in the street, or take them into servitude, was a situation in which my soul now shudders at the thought of having been placed. … I may give my life for the good or the safety of others, but no law, no consequences, not the lives of millions, can authorize them to take my life or liberty from me while innocent of any crime. I have to thank my master, how­ ever, that he took what I had, and freed me. I gave a deed of my house to a gentleman in Litchfield. He paid the money for it to Mr. Thompson, who then gave me my free papers. Oh! how my heart did rejoice and thank God.

Thus William Grimes became a free man, to live out the rest of his long life as his own man in a free state. Yet, as he came to set down his memoirs in later years, he viewed the condition of slavery and the condition of freedom in a somewhat ambivalent light:

To say that a man is better fed, and has less care [in slavery] than in the other, is false. It is true, if you re­gard him as a brute, as destitute of the feelings of human nature. But I will not speak on the subject more. Those slaves who have kind masters are perhaps as happy as the generality of mankind. They are not aware what their condition can be except by their own exertions. I would advise no slave to leave his master. If he runs away, he is most sure to be taken. If he is not, he will ever be in the apprehension of it; and I do think there is no induce­ment for a slave to leave his master and be set free in the Northern States. I have had to work hard; I have often been cheated, insulted, abused and injured; yet a black man, if he will be industrious and honest, can get along here as well as any one who is poor and in a situation to be imposed on. I have been very fortunate in life in this respect. Notwithstanding all my struggles and sufferings and injuries, I have been an honest man.

Read the rest of Chapter 3 here to learn more about Grimes, as well as two other former slaves who utilized the Underground Railroad.

We hope our readers will join us in celebrating Black History Month this February, with some great books!